What Causes Dandruff – and What Can You Do About It?

If you often find yourself struggling with an itchy, flaky scalp, you may be dealing with dandruff. Though this scalp concern can look (and oftentimes, feel) a lot like a dry scalp, dryness isn’t always the cause. In fact, dandruff can have a lot of causes beyond a simple lack of moisture, which can make determining the reason for your flakes feel challenging. Fortunately, we’re here to help. Ahead, we’ll explain what dandruff is, reveal some of the most common dandruff causes, and share tips on how to manage an itchy, flaky scalp at home. 

What is Dandruff?

Dandruff is a scalp concern that causes dry, flaky patches to develop on the scalp, according to the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD). The main difference between a dry scalp vs. dandruff is the underlying cause. Dryness, per the AAD, occurs when the scalp loses too much moisture (which can be due to internal factors or external factors, such as an overly-harsh haircare routine). Dandruff can be related to a lack of moisture, but it can also be caused by excess oiliness, irritation, or certain lifestyle factors. The best way to manage the two concerns can differ, too—dryness is best addressed via moisturizing products, while dandruff may require the use of a dandruff shampoo or a targeted dandruff treatment to minimize flaking and itching. 

What Causes Dandruff?

If you’re wondering “Why do I have dandruff?,” know that the answer isn’t always super easy to determine. According to the Mayo Clinic, various factors can cause or contribute to dandruff, including dryness, oiliness, fungal growth, and sensitivity to certain haircare products. Here’s a look at some of the most common causes of dandruff:

• Dry skin: While dryness and dandruff are not the same thing, excessive dryness can cause the skin on your scalp to itch and, in some cases, flake off. 
• Oily scalp: Sometimes, oiliness, rather than dryness, is the underlying cause of dandruff, per the AAD. This type of dandruff is also known as sebhorreic dermatitis and may cause flaking on the scalp, as well as other areas such as the eyebrows, ears, and nose.
• Certain hair products: Overusing harsh, stripping shampoos may dry out your scalp, leading to itching, irritation, and, in some cases, dandruff. 
• Fungal growth: An overgrowth of Malassezia—a yeast-like fungus that feeds on sebum—can contribute to persistent flaking and dandruff.
• Lifestyle factors: Certain lifestyle factors, such as stress or some medical conditions, may cause, contribute to, or exacerbate dandruff, per the Mayo Clinic.

How To Manage Dandruff

If you’re concerned that you have dandruff due to fungal growth, irritation, or an underlying medical issue, it’s best to consult your dermatologist. They can help you identify the underlying cause and instruct you on how to get rid of dandruff with at-home treatments. If, on the other hand, your dandruff is caused by dryness or oiliness, a few adjustments to your routine may be all you need to keep dandruff at bay. Keep reading to learn how to help keep your scalp feeling balanced and healthy.

1. Wash with a gentle shampoo

The right products and routine can go a long way in minimizing minor dryness and dandruff. You’ll want to start by shampooing your scalp and hair to remove excess oil and impurities. We love the L’Oréal Paris EverPure Sulfate Free Simply Clean Shampoo with Essential Oil, which contains rosemary essential oil and gently cleanses without stripping the hair. The mild formula is made without dyes, parabens, or sulfates, and it’s suitable for all hair types (including color-treated hair). Take care not to wash your hair too frequently, as doing so can contribute to dryness.

If you’re experiencing a lot of flaking and itching, it may be a good idea to add a dandruff shampoo to your routine, too. Most are designed to be used once or twice per week, but we recommend reading the instructions on the package of your chosen product for specific guidance. 

2. Follow up with a nourishing conditioner

After lathering up reach for a gentle conditioner, such as the L’Oréal Paris EverPure Sulfate Free Simply Clean Conditioner with Essential Oil, to help hydrate and nourish your strands. You’ll want to avoid applying the conditioner at the scalp and focus on the mid-length and ends of your hair to help prevent any product buildup that can contribute to dandruff.

3. Exfoliate your scalp

Just like it’s important to exfoliate the skin on your face and body, your scalp could benefit from it, too. Exfoliating your scalp—either with a scalp scrub or a chemical exfoliant—can help remove excess oil, dirt, dead skin cells, and debris that may cause or worsen dandruff. If your flaking coincides with an oily or greasy-feeling scalp, consider adding the L’Oréal Paris Elvive Hyaluron + Pure Oil-Erasing Serum to your haircare lineup. The purifying formula contains salicylic acid and hyaluronic acid and helps remove excess oil and scalp residue while hydrating the ends. To use it, apply a generous amount to your dry scalp and massage it onto your scalp for about five minutes. Wait another 15 minutes, then hop in the shower and shampoo and condition as usual.

4. Limit your use of hair styling products 

Hair styling products can create buildup on your scalp if you use them too often or don’t cleanse properly. This can create excess oil or buildup, which can lead to dandruff. So, if you’re looking to manage or prevent dandruff, limiting how often you lean on styling aids may be a good place to start. If you can’t stay away from your styling products, consider using a clarifying shampoo, such as the L’Oréal Paris EverPure Sulfate-Free Clarifying Shampoo as needed to help remove any weighty product residue.

Can Dandruff Be Cured?

According to the Mayo Clinic, dandruff can almost always be controlled—it’s just a matter of finding the right approach for your needs (and staying consistent). If you're using a dandruff treatment at home and aren’t noticing much improvement in itching and flaking, consult a dermatologist. They can help you determine how to get to the root of the issue (pun intended) and restore your scalp’s healthy look and feel.

Should You Scratch Dandruff?

Although it’s hard to resist scratching an itchy or flaky scalp, doing so can do more harm than good. If you want to know how to remove dandruff flakes without scratching, we suggest incorporating gentle exfoliation into your routine. Your dermatologist may also be able to provide you with products that can help soothe itching and minimize flaking.

Next Up: How To Find the Best Shampoo for Your Hair

Photo courtesy of L’Oréal Paris